森林生态系统粗木质残体生态功能研究

粗木质残体(CWD)是森林生态系统中重要的结构性与功能性单元。本文在对国内外CWD 研究历史进行简要回顾的基础上,对其生态功能及其分解过程进行了系统分析。指出了目前CWD 研究的热点及存在的问题,并建议加强对CWD生态服务功能的定量化研究,为其在维持生物多样性、生产力和其它生态过程方面的经营管理提供科学指导。参57。     

三眼峪沟泥石流灾害及其综合治理

通过对甘肃省甘南藏族自治州舟曲县城北三眼峪泥汉石流形成条件，发育机制及特制的研究，阐述了该沟泥石流灾害的严重性和治理的必要性。提出以拦挡工程为主，并结合泥石流停淤场，排导沟，防冲槛和生物措施的综合治理方案。工程建成后，年减灾和经济效益达３１４．５万元，泥石流变成一般挟沙洪水，其对县城的危害基本消除。     

风景旅游区的泥石流灾情评估

风景旅游区泥石流灾情评估侧重于泥石流对风景区本身的影响。文章探讨了旅游区泥石流灾情评估的特点 ,在分析泥石流灾害对风景旅游区资源、经济和生态影响的基础上 ,建立起评估指标结构模型 ,进而确定出评估风景旅游区泥石流灾情的指标和标准。通过所确定的各项指标等级值以及相应权值 ,可计算出泥石流灾情综合灾度。根据综合灾度 ,查询泥石流灾情等级表 ,即可获得风景旅游区泥石流灾情评估结果     

白龙江流域泥石流特征分析

泥石流孕灾环境和流域形态是泥石流发育及其活动的基础,把握孕灾环境和流域形态特征对开展泥石流防灾减灾工作具有重要的现实意义。在分析白龙江泥石流空间分布格局的基础上,从区域构造环境、地形地貌、地层岩性和降水等方面研究了流域泥石流的孕灾环境特征,探讨了各因子与泥石流分布的耦合关系。针对白龙江干流250条泥石流沟,运用数理统计方法,对其流域面积、主沟长和相对高差等重要参数进行了统计分析,明确了干流泥石流的流域形态特征。     

四川省冕宁县崩土凹泥石流成因及防治研究

西南地区由于所处的大地构造位置及其独有的地形地貌特征,泥石流成为其最常见的地质灾害之一。崩土凹泥石流位于川滇菱形地块,安宁河东支断裂附近,具有较强活动性。从地形地貌、地层岩性、新构造活动等内因和暴雨触发外因等方面,分析了其易发程度、活动类型、危害方式,进而定量确定泥石流活动的各项特征指标。针对崩土凹泥石流地质灾害提出明确的防治目标和工程治理方案。该区域的泥石流灾害大多具有相同或相似的地质背景,特别是昔格达组黏土岩沿安宁河流域广泛分布,往往是泥石流灾害的主要物源成分,并且成为泥石流致灾的控制性因素和主要治理对象。     

西藏樟木沟泥石流成因分析及综合评判

樟木沟泥石流对西藏地区唯一的国家一类陆路通商口岸——樟木口岸具有较大威胁,为合理制定泥石流防治方案,在研究樟木沟泥石流形成条件和动力学特性的基础上,分别采用数量化综合评判方法和模糊数学综合评判方法对该泥石流沟的易发程度进行了评价。综合评判结果显示,樟木沟为一条轻度易发泥石流沟,但有偏向中度易发泥石流的倾向。此外,对沟道断面清水流量的监测结果表明,樟木沟内常年流水是樟木镇松散层内地下水的主要补给源,对樟木滑坡群稳定性有不利影响。     

大渡河流域野牛沟泥石流堵河危险性预测

野牛沟为大渡河流域中段具代表性的一条泥石流沟,其充足的物源储备和地形条件为泥石流的再次暴发提供了有利条件。通过对3种频率下野牛沟泥石流一次冲出固体物质方量、流量和扇形地的沟床条件3个方面的研究,对传统的堵河经验公式进行了修正,并通过对野牛沟泥石流的研究对修正后的经验公式进行了验证。结果表明,在P=1%(100年一遇泥石流)条件下,野牛沟发生泥石流会完全堵塞金汤河;P=2%时(50年一遇泥石流),可能会堵河或部分堵塞;P=5%时(20年一遇泥石流),野牛沟泥石流不会造成堵河。研究结果验证了修正后堵河公式在研究区域内的通用性,为泥石流灾害提前识别和预防提供了可靠的方法。     

Voles,trees, and woody debris structures as habitat: Balancing forest crop protection and biodiversity

Relatively homogeneous early successional habitats develop after clearcutting and wildfire that voles of the genera Microtus and Myodes may colonize and generate population fluctuations. In these habitats, vole populations may reach pest status by their feeding on newly planted tree seedlings. Strategic management of excess woody debris into piles and windrows helps diversify new clearcuts by enhancing populations of forest-floor small mammals, including voles, and some of their predators.This study tested the hypotheses (H) that (H₁) abundance of voles and incidence of feeding damage to tree seedlings will be higher in windrow than dispersed (conventional) sites of woody debris, and (H₂) there will be a gradient of damage with the highest incidence immediately adjacent to windrows. A third hypothesis (H₃) predicts that feeding damage to trees will increase in relation to windrow size. Microtus voles and red-backed voles (Myodes gapperi) were live-trapped for three years (2010–2012) in replicated sites with woody debris dispersed and in windrows at three study areas in the southern interior of British Columbia, Canada. Incidence of feeding damage and mortality to tree seedlings by voles was measured in all sites. Mean abundance of M. gapperi, Microtus, and total voles were all significantly (P ≤ 0.04) higher (up to 3.4 times) in windrow than dispersed sites, and hence the abundance part of H₁ was supported. Mean annual percentage of trees damaged by voles was significantly (P ≤ 0.03) higher in windrow than dispersed sites over the two winters and for cumulative incidence of damage, and hence the tree damage part of H₁ was supported. Mortality of trees followed this pattern but was not formally significant. Trees planted immediately adjacent to a windrow had significantly (P < 0.01) greater feeding damage than seedlings planted further away, and hence H₂ was supported. There were significant linear relationships between mean percentage of trees killed (r = 0.67; P < 0.01) and mean number of total voles, and also with mean volume of woody debris per meter length of windrow (r = 0.98; P < 0.01). Thus, H₃ was also supported. To minimize overall mortality of trees, it is likely worthwhile to not plant trees near windrows. Slightly reduced stocking (<5% net forest area) and potential loss of some trees to voles need to be balanced alongside biodiversity and conservation considerations provided by woody debris structures.     

Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, microhabitat selection and diet under low summer stream flows

Abstract  This study investigated the effects of low summer discharge on habitat, prey use and prey availability for age 1 brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), in two small streams in Massachusetts, USA. Stream discharge declined substantially from June to August, with corresponding decreases in microhabitat depth and velocity; but fish habitat preferences were consistent throughout the summer, with fish selecting deep, low current velocity locations. Invertebrate drift rate, drift density and trout stomach fullness were significantly greater in June than August samples. Diets were dominated by aquatic-derived prey (chironomid larvae and adult blackflies) in June, but terrestrial invertebrates were the most frequent diet items in August. Consistent occupancy of low-velocity, deep microhabitats with low invertebrate flux rates indicated that, despite variation in habitat and prey conditions, trout adopted a habitat-use strategy of minimising risks and energy costs rather than maximising forage gain. This observation is consistent with, and provides a potential explanation for, the low summer growth rates of brook trout observed in small streams.     

Relationships between trout habitat use and woody debris in two southern New England streams

Abstract – In-stream habitat was measured and trout density was estimated in Merrick Brook (105 habitat units) and the Tankerhoosen River (135 habitat units), Connecticut to determine relationships between habitat use of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and brown trout Salmo trutta and woody debris. In each habitat unit, woody debris was inventoried, and length, width, depth, area, width : depth ratio and undercut bank area were estimated. Trout abundance was estimated by snorkeling. Multiple regression was used to test relationships between trout density and principal components describing habitat unit variables. In Merrick Brook, habitat unit size and shape explained most of the variability in density of brook trout (<130 and ≥130 mm) and brown trout (<150 mm) among habitat units, although principle components describing large woody debris or fine woody debris contributed significantly to variations in density of brook trout (≥130 mm) and brown trout (<150 and ≥150 mm). In the Tankerhoosen River, fine woody debris explained most of the variability in density of brook trout (<130 and ≥130 mm), followed by habitat unit size and shape. Both large woody debris and fine woody debris contributed significantly to variations in density of brown trout (≥150 mm). These results suggest that woody debris is an important component of wild trout habitat above that provided by habitat unit shape and size alone.